taxonomy that starts with objects and then identifies the fields of study that observe and analyze each object:
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- Physical objects:
- Particles: studied by physics
- Waves: studied by physics and engineering
- Fields: studied by physics and engineering
- Organisms: studied by biology and ecology
- Ecosystems: studied by biology and ecology
- Mental states:
- Perception: studied by psychology and neuroscience
- Emotion: studied by psychology and neuroscience
- Thought: studied by psychology, philosophy, and neuroscience
- Memory: studied by psychology, philosophy, and neuroscience
- Learning: studied by psychology, education, and neuroscience
- Social phenomena:
- Culture: studied by anthropology, sociology, and psychology
- Institutions: studied by sociology, political science, and economics
- Communication: studied by linguistics, anthropology, and communication studies
- Cooperation: studied by sociology, political science, and economics
- Conflict: studied by sociology, political science, and psychology
- Physical objects: