- Pluralism as an ontological framework: diversity, multiplicity, heterogeneity, difference, variety
- Pluralism as an axiology framework: tolerance, acceptance, respect, open-mindedness, inclusivity
- Pluralism as an aesthetics framework: beauty, creativity, expressiveness, imagination, innovation
From an epistemological framework:
- Empiricism
- Rationalism
- Constructivism
- Realism
- Pragmatism
- Relativism
From a methodological framework:
- Positivism
- Interpretivism
- Critical theory
- Phenomenology
- Grounded theory
- Case study
From a pluralistic framework:
- Diversity
- Inclusivity
- Openness
- Tolerance
- Acceptance
- Integration