Never looked at this all at once.
How did I miss Transduction? (sensory transduction).
I was studying each separately
“In physiology, transduction is the translation of arriving stimulus into an action potential by a sensory receptor. It begins when stimulus changes the membrane potential of a receptor cell.
A receptor cell converts the energy in a stimulus into an electrical signal. Receptors are broadly split into two main categories: exteroceptors, which receive external sensory stimuli, and interoceptors, which receive internal sensory stimuli.”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transduction_(physiology)